• As Scala is also an object oriented language, each and every value in Scala is an object. Every Scala data type is an object

• Class Anyis the root of the Scala class hierarchy. Every class in a Scala execution environment inherits directly or indirectly from this class. Class Anyhas two direct subclasses: AnyRef and AnyVal

  

• From the above Image AnyVal is extended by all numeric types. All types reside in package scala

• Scala has 7 numeric types

  1. Byte : 8 bits : val maxByteValue: Byte = Byte.MaxValue
  2. Char : 16 bits : val maxCharValue: Char = Char.MaxValue
  3. Short : 16 bits : val maxShortValue: Short = Short.MaxValue
  4. Int : 32 bits : val maxIntValue: Int = Int.MaxValue
  5. Long : 64 bits : val maxLongValue: Long = Long.MaxValue
  6. Float : 32 bits : val maxFloatValue: Float = Float.MaxValue
  7. Double : 64 bits : val maxDoubleValue: Double = Double.MaxValue

• Type Unitis similar to voidin Java. If you remember the Hello World program, Unit is the return type of mainmethod

def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = { .... }

• Scala also has got a type Boolean : val trueBoolean: Boolean = true

• String is a sequence of Chars, alike a Java String

/* Two strings */
val stringOne = "stringOne"
val stringTwo = "stringTwo"

val contactOperationOne = stringOne + stringTwo
val contactOperationTwo = stringOne ++ stringTwo

/* Both values are same */
if (contactOperationOne.equals(contactOperationTwo)) {
  println("Both operations ('+' & '++') performs similar on strings")
} else {
  println("Both operations ('+' & '++') performs differently on strings")
}

• In Scala the Bottom Types are - Nothing and Null

val intThing: Int =
  if (test) {

    /* Int(AnyVal) */
    11                             
  }
  else {

    /* Nothing */ 
    throw new Exception("Nothing!") 
  }

val stringThing: String =
  if (test) {

    /* String(AnyRef) */
    "Yay!"  
  }
  else {

     /* Null */ 
      null    
  }

• Type inference always looks for the common type of both branches in an if stamement, so if the other branch is a Type that extends everything, the infered type will automatically be the Type from the first branch

Nothing -> [Int] -> ... -> AnyVal -> Any : infered type: Int
Null -> [String] -> AnyRef -> Any : infered type: String

• In Scala Null is an object, Null corresponds to Null value or empty reference

• No one can create object like Nothing in scala, this is used to denote empty collection or abnormal termination

• AnyRef is the Object World of the Scala, it corresponds to java.lang.Object in Java, and is the supertype of all objects

• AnyVal on the other hand represents the Value World of Scala, such as int and other JVM primitives

/* A dummy class */
class Person

/* A buffer which can store 'Any' */
val allThings = ArrayBuffer[Any]()

/* Int, kept as low-level 'int' during runtime */
val myInt = 10

/* Add an Int (extends AnyVal). boxed (!) -> becomes java.lang.Integer in the collection */
allThings += myInt

/* Person (extends AnyRef), no magic here */
allThings += new Person

Use None instead of null

• While it was habit in Java to initialize values to null, Scala provides an Option type for the same purpose

• In Java, null is often used as a placeholder to denote a nonfatal error as a return value or to denote that a variable isn’t yet initialized

• In Scala, one can denote this through the None subclass of scala.Option

• Class scala.Option can prevent unintended null pointer exceptions when using Scala

• Now Java has also followed Scala and Introduced java.util.Optional